CBT for chronic back pain addresses the psychological factors — fear-avoidance, catastrophising, depression — that are the strongest predictors of chronic pain disability, independent of the structural diagnosis.

Spinal manipulation and mobilisation by physiotherapists, osteopaths, or chiropractors reduces acute and subacute low back pain through mechanical and neurological mechanisms.

MBSR reduces chronic back pain by training attention toward present-moment experience, reducing the suffering added by catastrophising and fear-avoidance that maintain chronic pain.

Continuous low-level heat wraps and hot packs provide immediate and short-term relief for acute low back pain — evidence supports heat as superior to paracetamol for acute LBP.

Graded exercise rehabilitation is the most evidence-based treatment for chronic back pain — progressively increasing activity to restore function and reduce pain, despite initial discomfort.

Oral NSAIDs provide moderate pain relief for acute and chronic low back pain and are recommended as first-line pharmacological therapy when paracetamol is insufficient.

Yoga for chronic low back pain combines targeted stretching, core strengthening, body awareness, and mindfulness — addressing both physical and psychological contributors to chronic pain.

Acupuncture has a well-established evidence base for chronic low back pain, with meta-analyses showing benefit beyond both sham acupuncture and usual care.

Magnesium deficiency is associated with increased pain sensitivity and muscle tension. Supplementation may reduce back pain by supporting muscle relaxation and modulating pain processing.

Core stability exercises targeting the deep lumbar stabilisers (multifidus, transversus abdominis) are widely prescribed for back pain, improving spinal control and reducing pain.