A daily multivitamin may support cognitive health in older adults, particularly where nutrient gaps are present.

Mediterranean and MIND-style diets emphasise vegetables, berries, legumes, whole grains, nuts, olive oil and fish while limiting processed foods.

Learning new skills, reading, music, language learning, puzzles or mentally demanding hobbies may support cognitive reserve.

Omega-3 fatty acids from fish or supplements may support brain and vascular health.

Vitamin D supplementation may be helpful where deficiency is present and may support brain and general health.

Maintaining social connection through friendships, family, community groups or volunteering may protect cognitive health.

Managing blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, weight and smoking risk supports both heart and brain health.

Regular aerobic exercise such as brisk walking, swimming or cycling supports brain health and lowers dementia risk factors.

Good sleep quality and consistent sleep timing support memory consolidation and brain health.

Reducing alcohol may lower risk of cognitive harm, especially where intake is heavy or frequent.