Graduated compression stockings to prevent venous pooling in the legs and reduce orthostatic hypotension.

Maintaining good hydration to prevent dehydration-related reductions in blood volume that predispose to fainting.

Learning to recognise the early warning signs of fainting (prodrome) and taking protective action before losing consciousness.

Rising slowly from lying or sitting positions, pausing at intermediate positions to prevent sudden drops in blood pressure.

Avoiding prolonged standing particularly in hot environments which promote peripheral vasodilation and venous pooling.

Tensing leg and abdominal muscles or crossing legs when feeling faint to increase venous return and blood pressure.

Identifying and avoiding personal fainting triggers such as prolonged standing, heat, dehydration, fasting or emotional stress.

Eating regular meals and avoiding prolonged fasting to prevent postprandial hypotension and hypoglycaemia-related fainting.

Increasing dietary salt and fluid intake to expand blood volume and reduce orthostatic hypotension-related fainting.

Structured programme of progressively prolonged standing against a wall to desensitise the vasovagal reflex.