Increasing dietary fibre intake to reduce bile acid reabsorption and cholesterol supersaturation in bile.

Regular physical activity to reduce gallstone risk and support healthy weight management. Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor.

Achieving healthy weight through gradual means to reduce gallstone risk. Obesity is a major risk factor but rapid weight loss paradoxically increases risk.

Milk thistle extract for liver and bile support. Used traditionally to support bile flow and liver function.

Prescription medication that can slowly dissolve small cholesterol gallstones in patients not suitable for surgery.

Diluted apple cider vinegar used in traditional medicine for gallstone symptom relief.

Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules for gallstone-related biliary pain and spasm.

Reducing dietary fat intake to minimise gallbladder contractions and prevent symptomatic attacks. Fat triggers gallbladder contraction which can cause pain when gallstones are present.

Regular coffee consumption associated with reduced gallstone risk. Caffeinated coffee stimulates gallbladder contraction and may reduce cholesterol crystallisation.

Magnesium supplementation associated with reduced gallstone risk in some observational studies.