CBT for panic disorder specifically targets catastrophic misinterpretation of physical sensations — the core cognitive mechanism of panic attacks — through psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, and interoceptive exposure.

Slowing breathing to 4–6 breaths per minute during and after a panic attack counteracts hyperventilation, which drives many of the most frightening physical symptoms of panic.

SSRIs (e.g. sertraline, paroxetine, escitalopram) and SNRIs (e.g. venlafaxine) are the recommended pharmacological treatment for panic disorder, reducing attack frequency and anticipatory anxiety.

Interoceptive exposure deliberately induces feared physical sensations (dizziness, racing heart, breathlessness) in a controlled setting to desensitise the fear response to those sensations.

Magnesium deficiency is associated with heightened stress reactivity and anxiety. Some people with panic disorder have low magnesium levels, and supplementation may reduce anxiety sensitivity.

Regular aerobic exercise reduces anxiety sensitivity — the fear of anxiety-related body sensations — which is the primary driver of panic disorder.

ACT helps people reduce struggle with anxiety symptoms by increasing psychological flexibility and acceptance, reducing the secondary suffering caused by fighting the fear.

Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist and CNS stimulant that directly increases heart rate, produces mild anxiety, and can trigger or worsen panic attacks in sensitive individuals.

Oral lavender oil preparation (Silexan 80mg) has evidence for generalised anxiety and shows promise for anxiety disorders with physical symptom profiles including panic.

Regular yoga practice combines breathwork, movement, and mindful attention to body sensations, addressing several mechanisms that maintain panic disorder.