Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy are structured psychological therapies that help process traumatic memories and challenge distorted beliefs formed as a result of trauma.

EMDR uses bilateral sensory stimulation (eye movements, taps, or tones) while the person holds traumatic memories in mind, facilitating processing and reducing their emotional charge.

Prolonged Exposure is a trauma-focused therapy that systematically confronts avoided trauma-related memories, feelings, and situations through imaginal and in-vivo exposure techniques.

SSRIs (sertraline, paroxetine) are the only FDA-approved medications for PTSD and are used to reduce symptom severity, particularly when trauma-focused therapy is not immediately accessible or tolerated.

Trauma-sensitive yoga programmes address the body-focused component of PTSD — hyperarousal, disconnection from the body, and difficulty tolerating physical sensations.

MBSR teaches mindful attention to present-moment experience, which can help PTSD sufferers reduce reactivity to trauma triggers and build tolerance for difficult internal states.

Regular aerobic exercise reduces PTSD symptom severity, particularly hyperarousal and depression, and improves physical and mental resilience in trauma survivors.

Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker that reduces trauma-related nightmares and sleep disturbance in PTSD — one of the most distressing and persistent symptoms.

Strong social support is one of the most consistent protective factors against PTSD development and a key predictor of recovery. Peer support from others who have experienced similar traumas can be particularly powerful.

Sleep disturbance is one of the most persistent PTSD symptoms and worsens all other symptoms. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) adapted for PTSD addresses both sleep and the trauma-maintaining effects of disrupted sleep.